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1) Why are white rot fungi useful for bioremediation of contaminated soil ?

One answer only.

   They are all very competitive in the soil environment

   They produce cellulases

   They produce non-specific lignin degrading enzymes

   They are all known to produce antibacterial antibiotics which kill antagonistic bacteria

   All of the above

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2) What is a xenobiotic ?

One answer only.

   A compound foreign to science

   A compound foreign to biological systems

   A chlorinated organic chemical

   A compound which is toxic to microbes

   A compound produced by living organisms

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3) Why may DDT be persistent in the soil?

One answer only.

   It is new to science

   It is hydrophobic

   It is acutely toxic to all life forms

   It smells like teen spirit

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4) What do you understand by the term recalcitrance in relation to a toxic organic chemical?

One answer only.

   Relates to a compounds ability to accumulate in fatty tissue

   Relates to persistence of the compound in the environment

   Means that there are no microbes which can transform the compound

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5) Why may a toxic organic chemical persist for a longer time in a soil rich in organic matter than in a sandy soil ?

One answer only.

   There may be a lack of microbes capable of transforming the compound in the organic soil

   The chemical may be sorbed to organic matter very readily therefore it`s bioavailability is reduced in the soil rich in organic matter

   A low pH in the soil high in organic matter may restrict microbial activity

   All of the above

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6) Why may actinomycetes make useful soil inoculants for bioremediation of soils contaminated with toxic organic compounds ?

Choose 2 of the following options.

   No actinomycetes are pathogens and they are therefore not likely to pose a health risk

   All actinomycetes are known to degrade pesticides

   The hydrophobic surface of actinomycetes means that they may be able to access organic compounds in soils

   They are known to survive well in soil

   All of the above

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7) Where does Rick Astley come from ?

One answer only.

   Wigan

   Warrington

   Newton-le-Willows

   Padgate

   Croft

   Cheadle Hulme

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8) What do you consider to be the most important factor affecting bioremediation of contaminated soil?

One answer only.

   Soil pH

   soil type

   temperature

   water availability

   oxygen levels

   nutrient levels

   Presence of microbes

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9) Why is the cytochrome P450 system deemed to be useful for bioremediation by actinomycete inoculants?

One answer only.

   It transforms chlorinated organic compounds specifically

   It specifically transforms non-chlorinated organic compounds

   It specifically transforms organophosphate pesticides

   It is non-specific and catalyses the first steps in transformation a variety of organic pollutants

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10) Why may a wide range of pollutant transformation products be found during bioremediation of soil?

One answer only.

   There could be contaminants present that were not found during initial site analysis

   Unexpected chemical transformations may have taken place

   Soil is a heterogeneous environment resulting in microbes experiencing aerobic and anaerobic environments

   All of the above