1.1. THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY
1.1.1. Archaeology and antiquarianism, prehistory and history
1.1.2. The problem of origins and time
1.2. THE EMERGENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODS
1.2.1. Greece and Rome
1.2.2. Medieval attitudes to antiquity
1.2.3. From medieval humanism to the Renaissance
1.2.4. Archaeology and the Enlightenment
1.2.5. Antiquarian fieldwork in Britain
:: John Aubrey (1626-97)
:: William Stukeley (1687-1765)
1.2.6. Fieldwork elsewhere
1.2.7. Touring, collecting and the origin of museums
1.2.8. Science and Romanticism
1.3. THE RECOGNITION AND STUDY OF ARTEFACTS
1.3.1. Scandinavia and the Three-Age System
1.3.2. Typology
1.4. HUMAN ORIGINS
1.4.1. Evidence for human antiquity
:: John Frere and Hoxne
1.4.2. Catastrophists, Uniformitarians, and the impact of Darwin
1.5. FROM HUNTING TO FARMING
1.5.1. World prehistory
1.6. THE DISCOVERY OF CIVILIZATIONS
1.6.1. Greece and Rome
1.6.2. Egypt and Mesopotamia
1.6.3. The Aegean Bronze Age: Schliemann and Troy
1.6.4. Greece and the Aegean: Evans and Knossos
1.6.5. India and Asia
1.6.6. Civilizations in the Americas
1.7. ACHIEVEMENTS OF EARLY ARCHAEOLOGY
1.7.1. Excavation: the investigative technique of the future
2.1. SITES OR LANDSCAPES?
2.2. FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY
2.2.1. Field Survey
2.2.2. Fieldwalking
2.2.3. Recording and topographic/earthwork surveying
2.2.4. Sites and Monuments Records
2.2.5. Underwater survey
2.3. REMOTE SENSING
2.3.1. Airborne prospection
:: Multispectral and thermal prospecting
:: Interpretation of aerial images
2.3.2. Geophysical and geochemical surveying
:: Ground penetrating radar (GPR)
:: Seismic prospecting and geochemical examination of soil
:: Underwater location devices
2.4. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
2.5. LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY
3.1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES
3.1.1. The concept of stratification
3.1.2. General Pitt Rivers (1827-1900)
3.1.3. Developments in the twentieth century
3.1.4. Mortimer Wheeler (1890-1976)
3.1.5. From keyhole trenches to open areas
3.2. THE INTERPRETATION OF STRATIFICATION
3.2.1. Dating stratification
3.3. PLANNING AN EXCAVATION
3.3.1. Excavation, ethics and theory
3.3.2. Selection of a site
:: Types of archaeological investigation
3.3.3. PPG 16
3.3.4. Background research
:: Finds and environmental work
3.4. EXCAVATION STRATEGY
3.4.1. Forms of sites
3.4.2. Excavation in special conditions
3.4.3. Contexts and features
3.4.4. Structures and materials
3.5. RECORDS, ARCHIVES AND PUBLICATION
3.5.1. Recording
3.5.2. Publication
4.1. BACKGROUND
4.2. TYPOLOGY AND CROSS-DATING
4.2.1. Sequence dating and seriation
4.3. HISTORICAL DATING
4.3.1. Applying historical dates to sites
4.4. SCIENTIFIC DATING TECHNIQUES
4.4.1. Geological time-scales
4.4.2. Climatostratigraphy
4.4.3. Varves
4.4.4. Pollen
4.4.5. Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating)
:: The application of tree-ring dating
4.5. ABSOLUTE TECHNIQUES
4.5.1. Radioactive decay
4.5.2. Radiocarbon dating
4.5.3. Presenting and interpreting a radiocarbon date
:: The impact of radiocarbon dating
4.5.4. Potassium-argon (40K/40Ar) and argon-argon dating (40Ar/39Ar)
4.5.5. Uranium series dating
4.5.6. Fission-track dating
4.5.7. Luminescence dating
4.5.8. Electron spin resonance (ESR)
4.6. DERIVATIVE TECHNIQUES
4.6.1. Protein and amino acid diagenesis dating
4.6.2. Obsidian hydration dating
4.6.3. Archaeomagnetic dating
4.7. THE AUTHENTICITY OF ARTEFACTS
5.1. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
5.2. THE ENVIRONMENT
5.3. CLIMATE
5.4. THE GEOSPHERE
5.4.1. Geology
5.4.2. Soils
5.5. THE BIOSPHERE
5.5.1. Plants
:: Human impact upon vegetation
5.5.2. Animals
:: Identification of vertebrate bones
:: Biostratigraphy and seasonality
5.5.3. Fish
5.5.4. Shells
5.5.5. Insects and other invertebrates
5.5.6. Humans
5.6. ARTEFACTS AND RAW MATERIALS
5.6.1. Methods of examination and analysis
:: Analysis and characterisation
5.6.2. Stone
5.6.3. Ceramics
5.6.4. Metals
5.7. CONSERVATION
5.7.1. Ancient objects
5.7.2. Historic buildings and archaeological sites
5.8. STATISTICS
5.9. EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY
5.9.1. Artefacts
5.9.2. Sites and structures
6.1. WHERE IS ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY?
6.1.1. Too much knowledge?
6.2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY
6.2.1. Social evolution
6.2.2. Culture history
:: Invasion, migration, or diffusion?
6.3. TOWARDS PROCESSUAL ARCHAEOLOGY
6.3.1. The New Archaeology
6.3.2. Ethnoarchaeology and Middle Range Theory
6.4. TOWARDS POSTPROCESSUAL ARCHAEOLOGY
6.4.1. Postprocessualism
:: Eight key statements about postprocessual archaeology
6.4.2. Reflexive thinking
6.4.3. Modernity, modernism and postmodernism
:: Phenomenology and hermeneutics; constructivism, Critical Theory and post-colonialism
:: Structuralism and semiotics, post-structuralism and deconstruction
:: 'The archaeology of knowledge'
:: Postmodernism and archaeology
6.5. INTERPRETIVE ARCHAEOLOGY
6.5.1. Agency and structuration
6.5.2. Conflict, compromise, or pluralism?
6.5.3. Indigenous peoples and ethnicity
6.5.4. Gender
6.6. ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE PUBLIC
6.6.1. Heritage management: controlling the present by means of the past?
6.6.2. Archaeology and the State
6.6.3. Museums: from Art Gallery to 'Experience'
6.6.4. Stonehenge
6.6.5. The antiquities trade
6.6.6. Archaeology in the media