CHAPTER 1: Molecular Structure and Bonding

Colour and 3D rotatable diagrams are available for the following chemical structures / figures:

Structures 1.8 and 1.9. 3D diagrams of simple tetrahedral and octahedral compounds are shown below to aid visualization of the wedge / hash structures

 

 

Figure 1.1: Correct (Black and Grey) and Incorrect (Red or Blue) Representations of a Tetrahedron

Figure 1.4: Wedge / Hash and Newman Projections of Two Stereoisomers of 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

The two 3D structures shown below can be rotated to resemble either wedge / hash structures or Newman projections and so may be helpful in visualizing the relationship between the two types of representation. (You must have installed Chime to see these structutres)
 

Structures 1.18-1.31

These rotatable structure may help visualization of the structures discussed in the text, and bond angles can be measured on these structures.
 
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27a
1.27b
1.28a
1.28b
1.28c
1.29
1.30
1.31

Structures 1.32-1.34

The two 3D structures shown below can be rotated to resemble either wedge / hash structures or Newman projections of ethane in the staggered and ecliipsed conformations. (You must have installed Chime to see these structutres)

A 3D structure for ethene is shown below. (You must have installed Chime to see this structutre)


Structures 1.38 and 1.39. These structures are enantiomers, no matter how you rotate them them will never be identical.

Structures 1.43 and 1.44. These structures are enantiomers, no matter how you rotate them them will never be identical.

Figure 1.6: Reaction Pathway / Energy Diagram for Reaction of Enantiomers

 


Structures 1.6 / 1.7 and 1.45 / 1.46. These structures are diastereomers. The bond lengths, angles and torsional angles can be measured on the diagrams shown below.
1.6
1.7
1.45
1.46

Structures 1.47 / 1.48. Note how the carboxylic acid groups are close together in 1.47 but far apart in 1.48

Figure 1.7: Interconversion of Conformational Isomers 1.32a and 1.32b by Rotation about the C-C Single Bond.

The two 3D structures shown below can be rotated to resemble either wedge / hash structures or Newman projections of ethane in the staggered and eclipsed conformations and may be helpful in visualizing the effect of rotation around the C-C bond. (You must have installed Chime to see these structutres)

Figure 1.8: Energy Profile for Rotation about the Carbon-Carbon Bond of Ethane.

 

Structures 1.50 / 1.51.Drawn with R = R1 = H and R2 = CH3

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