CHAPTER 1: Question 3
Simple Answers
a) Both the bonds and electrons will be oriented around an ideal tetrahedron, i.e. all the Cl-C-Cl bond angles will be 109o.
b) The electron structure will be a distorted tetrahedron in which the angles between the lone pair and the P-C bonds are larger than the angle between any two P-C bonds. The bond structure is a trigonal bipyramid.
c) The orientation of both the bonds and the electrons around the berylium
atom will be linear. The bond structure around the oxygen atoms is bent, and
the orientation of the electrons is a distorted tetrahedron in which the angle
between the lone pairs > the angle between a lone pair and the OH or Be-O
bond >
the Be-O-H bond angle.
d) The orientation of the bonds will be bent, and the orientation of the electrons is a distorted tetrahedron in which the angle between the lone pairs > the angle between a lone pair and an S-H bond > the H-S-H bond angle.
e) The orientation of both the bonds and electrons around the carbon atom will be a slightly distorted tetrahedron since the oxygen atom is larger than the hydrogen atoms and so will repel them slightly beyond the 109o angle found in a perfect tetrahedron. The bond structure around the oxygen atom is bent, and the orientation of the electrons is a distorted tetrahedron in which the angle between the lone pairs > the angle between a lone pair and the OH or C-O bond > the C-O-H bond angle.
f) The bonds will form a slightly distorted trigonal pyramid since the chlorines are larger than the oxygen, so the Cl-S-Cl bond angle will be larger than the Cl-S-O bond angles. The electrons will be orientated around a distorted tetrahedron.
g) Both the electrons and the bonds will be orientated around a slightly distorted tetrahedron in which the Cl-S-Cl bond angle > the Cl-S-O bond angle > the O-S-O bond angle.
h) The bond structure will be bent, whilst the electron structure will be a distorted trigonal planar structure in which the lone pair to O angle > the O-S-O bond angle.
i) Both the bond and electron structures will be linear.
j) Both the bond and electron structures will be trigonal planar.
k) The bond structure will be a trigonal pyramid, whilst the electron structure will be a distorted tetrahedron in which the lone pair to bond pair angles are greater than the bond pair to bond pair bond angles.
l) The bond structure will be bent, whilst the electron structure will be distorted trigonal planar with the lone pair to bond pair angles greater than the bond pair to bond pair bond angles.
m) The bond structure will be bent, whilst the electron structure will be a distorted tetrahedron in which the angle between the lone pairs > the angle between a lone pair and bond pair > the angle between the C-O bonds.
n) In both cases, both the bond structure and the electron structure will have a slightly distorted trigonal planar geometry in which the angle between the double bond and a single bond is greater than the angle between the two single bonds.
o) The orientation of both the bonds and electrons around the carbon atom will be a slightly distorted tetrahedron since the nitrogen atom is larger than the hydrogen atoms and so will repel them slightly beyond the 109o angle found in a perfect tetrahedron. The bond structure around the nitrogen atom will be a (slightly distorted) trigonal pyramid, whilst the electron structure is a distorted tetrahedron.
p) The bond structure will be a trigonal pyramid, whilst the electron structure will be a distorted tetrahedron in which the lone pair to bond pair angles are greater than the bond pair to bond pair bond angles. (cf. the answer to part k)
q) The electron structure is a trigonal bipyramid in which the three equatorial positions are all occupied by lone pairs. This results in a linear bond structure.
r) Both the bond and electron structure around the phosphorus atom in the cation are tetrahedral, whilst in the anion both are octohedral.
s) The electron structure is a distorted octohedron in which the lone pair-I-F angles are slightly greater than 90o, giving a bond structure which is a distorted square based pyramid.
t) The electron structure is octohedral, and the bond structure is square planar.
u) The electron structure is a trigonal bipyramid in which the three equatorial positions are all occupied by lone pairs. This results in a linear bond structure. (cf. the answer to part q)
v) Both the electron and bond structures are exactly tetrahedral.
w) The bond structure is bent, whilst the electron structure is distorted trigonal planar.
x) Both the bond and electron structures are planar.
y) The bond structure is bent, whilst the electron structure is distorted trigonal planar with a larger angle between the lone pair and N-O bond than between the two N-O bonds.
z) Both the bond and electron structures are trigonal planar.
view 3D explanation of answers to question 3