Introduction

• What is a nation? State/territory/language
• What is nationalism? John Breuilly (Nationalism and the State): nationalism is a form of politics; it is about power, and power in the modern world is about control of the state. Dividing old states, creating new ones.

Implications of nationalism for C19th Scandinavia:

• Creation of nation states
• Impact on 'Scandinavianism'
• Impact on linguistic/ethnic minorities
• Impact on 'excluded' classes
• Challenge for C20th - integrating the 'nation'

Individual countries

Sweden

• Least problematic? Early C19th romantics - E. Tegnèr, E.G. Geijer. Late
• C19th/early C20th conservatives - Rudolf Kjellén, Adrian Molin, Harald Hjärne.

Denmark

• Problem of Schleswig-Holstein
• Post-1864 national revival - Danish Heath Society: Enrico Dalgas

Norway

• Swedish political dominance; Danish cultural dominance
• Cultural nationalism: 'Patriots' (Henrik Wergeland), 'Intelligence' (J.S. Welhaven); Folklore (P.C. Asbjørnson & J. Moe)
• Language:

Riksmål/Bokmål	Landsmål/Nynorsk
(modified Danish)	(peasant dialects)
Welhaven	P.A. Munch
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Ivar Aasen
Henrik Ibsen	Halvdan Koht

Finland

• Swedish cultural dominance, Russian political dominance
• Snellman: social reform; 'finnicise' educated class
• 'Fennomans' - S. Yrjö-Koskinen (ex-Georg Forsman): agrarian values, anti-Western; coexistence with Russia.
• Cultural nationalism: Kalevala (1835) - Elias Lönnroth.
• Karelia myth
• Neo-romanticism: Akseli Gallén Kallela (painter); Jean Sibelius (composer)
• C20th implications: Academic Karelia Society (AKS); invasion of Soviet Karelia (1941)