(20 credits) 1st Semester 1997-8
This course seeks to discover how, why, and with what consequences, the Russian tsars managed to consolidate their autocratic powers and build an enormous empire. The course covers a wide range of political, social, economic and international developments from the reign of Ivan the Terrible to the death of Catherine the Great.
Contents:
RECOMMENDED INTRODUCTORY READING
TEACHERS Dr David Moon (lectures and tutorials) and Andy Nicol (seminars)
TEACHING (a) 2 lectures a week: Wednesdays at 12.00 and METHODS Fridays at 10.00 in Room A, History Dept.
NB There will be no lecture on Wednesday, 15 October. If necessary, I will arrange an additional lecture later in the term.
(b) Tutorials for the return of essays in my office: sign up on lists on my notice board.
(c) Seminars: details to be announced in class.
ESSAYS You are expected to write 3 essays. Deadlines: 1st essay - 4.00 pm, Friday, 7 November 1997;
2nd essay - 4.00 pm, Friday, 5 December 1997;
3rd essay - 4.00 pm, Friday, 19 December 1997.
Essays must be handed in to the Departmental Office and date-stamped.
1st essays handed in after the above deadline will be penalised by the deduction of 2% of the mark for every working day they are late.
No extensions after the final deadline.
Deadlines and penalties will be enforced by the appropriate Degree Programme Director.
Choose your 1st essay from list 1, your 2nd from list 2, and your 3rd from either list.
Essays should be between 1500 and 2000 words in length. It is strongly recommended that you word-process your essays, in which case, please use double spacing and leave a left-hand margin of at least 1" (25 mm). You must append a list of the books and articles you consulted.
ASSESSMENT 25% continuous (the best 2 of the 3 essays);
75% written exam in January 1998 (2 essays in 2 hours from choice of about 10 questions).
RECOMMENDED INTRODUCTORY READING
You do not have to buy any books for this course, but if you wish to, the following are recommended:
Crummey, R O The Formation of Muscovy 1304-1613
Dukes, P The Making of Russian Absolutism 16131801 (Both published by Longman)
Pipes, R Russia under the Old Regime (Penguin)
All three are available in paperback at around £9-15 each.
This is the intellectual equivalent of theft, and will be dealt with severely. Your essays must be written entirely in your own words. See Departmental Handbook for details.
LECTURE SCHEDULE (subject to alteration)
1 Introduction
2 The Origins of the Russian autocracy
3 Territorial expansion: the conquest of the steppes and Siberia
4 Churchstate relations in the C16th and C17th
5 The nobility in the C16th and C17th
6 The origins of serfdom
7 The peasant commune
8 Peasant revolts in the 17th and C18th
9 Foreign contacts and international relations in the C16th and C17th
10 Peter the Great (1682-1725): introduction
11 The Great Northern War 17001721
12-13 Peter's Domestic reforms and their impact on society 14 Russia 172562
1519 Catherine the Great (1762-1796):
Politics and the Enlightenment
Serfdom and the Pugachev revolt
Foreign affairs: Turkey and Poland
Abbreviations in Reading Lists (mostly journal titles):
AHR American Historical Review
ARSH Articles on Russian and Soviet History
CSP Canadian Slavonic Papers (Northumbria)
CSSH Comparative Studies in Society and History
EcHR Economic History Review
EHR English Historical Review
ESR European Studies Review
HJ Historical Journal
J Ec Hist Journal of Economic History
JHI Journal of the History of Ideas
JMH Journal of Modern History
J Soc H Journal of Social History
OSP Oxford Slavonic Papers (Northumbria)
P & P Past and Present
RR Russian Review
SEER Slavonic and East European Review (Robinson lib to 1974; Northumbria from 1976)
SR Slavic Review (pre-1993 on micro-fiche)
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
Most items on the reading lists are in the Robinson Library, the journal Slavic Review is only on micro-fiche before 1993,
Slavonic and East European Review (after 1974) is only in the libraries of Northumbria (and Durham) Universities. Asterisks indicate the more important items. Textbooks on Russian history will usually have a few pages on each of the essay topics. You are not expected to get through all the set reading for an essay only enough to give you some ideas and the means of backing them up.
THE MAKING OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Essay 1 (due by 4.00, Friday, 7 November)
1. Why were the Muscovite tsars able to concentrate so much power in their hands by the late seventeenth century?
Auty, R & An Introduction to Russian History, ch.3
Obolensky, D
Cherniavsky, M (1) `Holy Russia: A Study in the History of an Idea', AHR, vol.63 (1958), pp.617-37
(2) `Khan or Basileus: An Aspect of Russian Medieval History', JHI, vol.20 (1959), pp.459-76
*Crummey, R The Formation of Muscovy 1304-1613, esp. chs 4, 6, 8
Crummey, R, ed Reform in Russia and the USSR (ch by Crummey `Reform under Ivan IV: Gradualism and Terror')
Halperin, C J Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
Hellie, R Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
Kaiser, D H & Reinterpreting Russian History: Readings
Marker, G, eds 860-1860s, pp.147-63
Keep, J Soldiers of the Tsar (early chapters)
Kivelson, V A `The Devil Stole his Mind: The Tsar and the 1648 Moscow Uprising', AHR, vol.98 (1993), pp.733-56
Klyuchevsky, V Rise of the Romanovs
Longworth, P Alexis
Martin, J Medieval Russia 980-1584, esp. chs 11-12
Miller, J Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe (ch by P Longworth on Russia)
Oresko, R Royal and Republican Sovereignty (ch by I de Madariaga, `Tsar into Emperor: The Title of Peter the Great')
Ostrowski, D `The Mongol Origins of Muscovite Political Institutions', SR, vol.49 (1990),pp.525-42
*Pipes, R Russia under the Old Regime, esp chs 1-4
*Poe, M., `The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy', CSSH, vol.38 (1996), pp.603-18
Raeff, M Understanding Imperial Russia, ch.1
Vernadsky, G A History of Russia: The Tsardom of Moscow
Zimin, A A `On the Political Preconditions for the Emergence of Russian Absolutism', ARSH, vol.I
Yanov, A The Origins of Autocracy: Ivan the Terrible in Russian History, chs 4 and 6 (if you read this, do so last as it assumes prior knowledge.)
2. Why was Michael Romanov's position so difficult at his accession in 1613? How soon did it become more stable?
Auty, R, & Introduction to Russian History, ch 3
Obolensky, D
Avrich, P Russian Rebels 16001800, pt 1 & pt 2 ch.1
*Crummey, R Formation of Muscovy, ch.8
Dukes, P Making of Russian Absolutism, ch.1
Keep, J `Bandits and the Law in Muscovy', SEER, vol.35 (19567), pp.20122
*Keep, J `The Regime of Filaret 161933', SEER, vol.38 (195960), pp.33460
Kivelson, V A `The Devil Stole his Mind: The Tsar and the 1648 Moscow Uprising', AHR, vol.98 (1993), pp.733-56
Klyuchevsky, V O Rise of the Romanovs
Kliuchevsky, V O A Course in Russian History: The 17th Century
Miller, J Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe, (ch. by P Longworth on Russia )
Orchard, G E `The Election of Michael Romanov', SEER, vol.67 (1989), pp.378402
Perrie, M Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia
(For more background, see some of items from list for previous essay)
3. How and with what consequences did the Russian tsars expand their frontiers to the east and south-east between 1547 and 1796?
Bassin, M `Turner, Solov'iev, and the "Frontier Hypothesis": The Nationalist Significance of Open Spaces', JMH, vol.65 (1993), pp.473-511
Bobrick, B East of the Sun: The Epic Conquest and Tragic History of Siberia
Collins, D N `Russia's Conquest of Siberia: Evolving Russian and Soviet historical interpretations', ESR, vol.12 (1982), pp.1744
Forsyth, J A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
Fuller, W C Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914
Gilbert, M Atlas of Russian History
Hellie, R Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
Keep, J Soldiers of the Tsar ... 1462-1874
Khodarkovsky, M Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads 1600-1771
Lantzeff, G V & Eastward to Empire
Pierce, R A
Lincoln, B The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
McNeill, W H Europe's Steppe Frontier 1500-1800
continued...
Pallot, J & Landscape and Settlement in Romanov
Shaw, D Russia, chs 1 & 2
Pipes, R Russia under the Old Regime, chs 1-4
Raeff, M Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia, chs 9, 11
*Rywkin, M, ed Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917,
chs I, II, V, VI, VIII, IX
Wood, A, ed A History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution
4. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the role of the Russian church change between 1547 and 1725?
Auty, R, & Introduction to Russian History (ch 7 by Obolensky, D Meyendorff on Orthodox church) Batalden, S K, ed Seeking God: The Recovery of Religious Identity in Orthodox Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia (chs by Uspensky and Crummey)
Bushkovitch, P Religion and Society in Russia
Cracraft, J Church Reform of Peter the Great
Crummey, R Formation of Muscovy, ch.5
Freeze, G Russian Levites
*Garrard, J G The Eighteenth Century in Russia pp.75105
Keep, J `Regime of Filaret', SEER, vol.38 (195960), pp.33460
Klyuchevsky, V O Rise of the Romanovs
Kliuchevsky, V O A Course in Russian History: The 17th Century
Ostrowski, D `Church Polemics and Monastic Land Acquisition in Sixteenth-Century Muscovy', SEER, vol.64 (1986), pp.357-79 (Northumb.) AND in ARSH, vol.I, pp.129-54
Pipes, R Russia under the Old Regime, ch 9
Vernadsky, G A History of Russia: The Tsardom of Moscow ch.3 pt.6 and ch.5 pts 67
Vernadsky, G A Source Book for Russian History, vol 1 ch.VIIID
5. To what extent did the power of Russia's nobility decline between 1547 and 1730?
Crummey, R The Formation of Muscovy 1304-1613, ch.6
*Crummey, R Aristocrats and Servitors 16131689
Daniels, R `V N Tatishchev and the Succession Crisis of 1730', SEER, vol.49 (1971), pp.5509
Farrow, L `Peter the Great's Law of Single Inheritance', RR, vol.55 (1996), pp.430-47
Hellie, R Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
Keep, J Soldiers of the Tsar
Klyuchevsky, V O Rise of the Romanovs
Kliuchevsky, V O A Course in Russian History: The 17th Century
LeDonne, J P Absolutism and Ruling Class
continued...
Madariaga, I de `Portrait of an EighteenthCentury Russian Statesman: Prince Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn', SEER, vol.62 (1984), pp.3660 *MeehanWaters, B Autocracy and Aristocracy: The Russian Service Elite of 1730
Meehan-Waters, B `The Muscovite Noble Origins of the Russians in the Generalitet of 1730', ARSH, vol.II, pp.48-61
*Pintner, W M & Russian Officialdom, chs 24
Rowney, D K
Raeff, M The Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia, chs 1-3
Scott, H M, ed The European Nobilities in the 17th and 18th Centuries, vol.2 (ch.8 `The Russian nobility in the 17th and 18th centuries' by I de Madariaga)
Stevens, C Soldiers on the Steppe
6. When and why did serfdom come to Russia?
*Blum, J Lord and Peasant in Russia, chs 814
Blum, J `Prices in Russia in the sixteenth century', J Ec Hist, vol.16 (1956), pp.18299
Blum, J `The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe', AHR, vol.62 (1957)
Bush, Serfdom and Slavery (essays by Engerman, Bush, Brenner and Hagen)
Domar, E D `The Causes of Slavery and Serfdom: A Hypothesis', J Ec Hist, vol.30 (1970)
Dukes, P Making of Russian Absolutism, chs 12
*Hellie, R Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy
Hellie, R Slavery in Russia 14501725
Hellie, R `Muscovite Slavery in Comparative Perspective', ARSH, vol.I, pp.291-67
Klyuchevsky, V O Rise of the Romanovs
Kliuchevsky, V O A Course in Russian History: The 17th Century
Pipes, R Russia under the Old Regime, chs 1 & 4
Vernadsky, G Source Book (as under qu 1), vol.1 ch.VIII section C
Vucinich, W S The Peasant in NineteenthCentury Russia (ch by Petrovich, `The Peasant in NineteenthCentury Historiography' (History Dept Seminar Lib and Northumb.)
*Worobec, C `Contemporary Historians on the Muscovite Peasantry', CSP, vol.23 (1981), pp.31528 (Northumbria)
7. Explain the origins of the land-redistribution commune in rural Russia
* Atkinson, D The End of the Russian land commune, ch.1
Bartlett, R Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia, esp. chs 1-4
Blum, J Lord and Peasant in Russia, esp. ch.24
Blum, J `The European Village Community from the 15th to the 19th centuries', JMH, vol.43 (1971), pp.541-76
Bohac, R `The Mir and the Military Draft', SR, vol.47 (1988), pp.652-66 (Northumb.)
Grant, S A `Obshchina and mir', SR, vol.35 (1976), pp.636-51 (Northumb)
Hoch, S L Serfdom and Social Control, esp. ch.4
Kachorovskii, K `The Russian Land Commune in History and Today', SEER, vol.7 (1929)
Melton, E `Household Economies and Communal Conflicts on a Russian Serf Estate, 1800-1817', J Soc H, vol.26 (1993)
Mironov, B `The Russian Peasant Commune after the Reforms of the 1860s' in Eklof, B and Frank, S, The World of the Russian Peasant
AND in SR, vol.44 (1985) (Northumb.)
*Vucinich, W S The Peasant in NineteenthCentury Russia, (ch by Petrovich, `The Peasant in NineteenthCentury Historiography') (History Dept Seminar Library and Northumb.)
THE MAKING OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Essay 2 (due by 4.00 pm, Friday, 5 December)
1. To what extent was Russia part of Europe in the seventeenth century?
Anderson, M `English views of Russia in the 17th century', SEER, vol.33 (19545), pp.14060
Baron, S The Travels of Olearius in C17th Russia, Introduction
Baron, S Explorations in Muscovite History, chs VII, VIII, XIII-XV
Dukes, P The Making of Russian Absolutism, chs 12
Hughes, L A J Russia and the West: Prince Vasily Vasil'evich Golitsyn 16431714
Liubimenko, I I `The Struggle of the Dutch with the English for the Russian Market in the Seventeenth Century', TRHS, 4th series, 7 (1924) 2751
*Mazour, A G `Curtains in the past', JMH, vol.20 (1948)
Miller, J Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe
New Cambridge Modern History Vol 5 pp 57191
Raeff, M Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia, ch.16
*Shennan, J Liberty and Order in Early Modern Europe
ch.5
Treadgold, D The West in Russia and China vol.1, ch.3
Vernadsky, G A History of Russia: The Tsardom of Moscow, ch.6
Vernadsky, G A Source Book for Russian History, vol 1 ch.IX
Zguta, R S `Witchcraft Trials in C17th Russia', AHR, vol.82 (1977), pp.11871207
2. What was new and what was derivative in Peter the Great's conversion of Muscovy into the Russian Empire?
*Anderson, M S Peter the Great (book and pamphlet)
Anisimov, E. The Reforms of Peter the Great
Auty & Obolensky An Introduction to Russian History, ch.4
*Cracraft, J Peter the Great Transforms Russia
Cracraft, J Church Reform of Peter the Great
Cracraft, J The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture
Farrow, L `Peter the Great's Law of Single Inheritance', RR, vol.55 (1996), pp.430-47
Garrard, J G The Eighteenth Century in Russia, pp 10645
Hughes, L Sophia: Regent of Russia 16571704
New Cambridge Modern History, vol 7, pp.31838
Klyuchevsky, V O Rise of the Romanovs
Kliuchevsky, V O A Course in Russian History: The 17th Century
continued...
Oresko, R Royal and Republican Sovereignty (ch by I de Madariaga, `Tsar into Emperor: The Title of Peter the Great')
Pintner & Rowney Russian Officialdom, ch.2
*Raeff, M `SeventeenthCentury Europe in EighteenthCentury Russia?', SR, vol.41 (1982), pp.61138 (Northumb.) OR ARSH, vol.I, pp.421-48, OR ARSH, vol.II, pp.1-29
Raeff, M Peter the Great Reforms Russia
Peterson, C Peter the Great's Administrative Reforms
Sumner, B H Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia
Vernadsky, G A Source Book for Russian History, vol.2 ch.X
Wortman, R Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, (ch. on Peter).
3. Did Russia utterly stagnate in the period between Peter the Great and Catherine the Great?
Bartlett, R Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment
& J Hartley
Blanchard, I Russia's `Age of Silver': Precious-Metal Production and Economic Growth in the Eighteenth Century, pp.215-83.
Brennan, J Enlightened Despotism in Russia: The Reign of Elizabeth, 17411762
Daniels, R `V N Tatishchev and the succession crisis of 1730', SEER, vol.49 (1971), pp.5509
Dukes, P The Making of Russian Absolutism, ch.4
Hudson, H The Rise of the Demidov Family
*Kahan, A `Continuity in economic activity and policy during the postpetrine period in Russia', J Ec Hist, vol.25 (1965), pp.6185
*Kahan, A The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout
Kaplan, H Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years War
Kirchner, W `The Death of Catherine I of Russia', AHR (19456), pp.25461
LeDonne, J P Absolutism and Ruling Class
Lentin, A Russia in the Eighteenth Century
Leonard, C Reform and Regicide: the Reign of Peter III
Longworth, P The Three Empresses
Madariaga, I `Portrait of an eighteenthcentury Russian statesman: Prince Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn', SEER, vol.62 (1984), pp.3660, OR ARSH, vol.II, pp.82-107
Meehan Autocracy and Aristocracy: The Russian
Waters, B Service Elite of 1730
Mironov, B `Consequences of the Price Revolution in 18th Century Russia', EcHR, vol.45 (1992), pp.457-78
continued...
*Raeff, M `The Domestic Policies of Peter III and his overthrow' AHR (June 1970) AND in Raeff, M, Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia
Schweitzer, K, `Britain, Prussia, Russia and
& C Leonard the Galitzin Letter: A reassessment' HJ, vol.26 (1983)
Vernadsky, G A Source Book for Russian History vol.2 ch.XI
4. Was Catherine the Great an `Enlightened Despot'?
Alexander, J Catherine the Great
*Anderson, M Historians and EighteenthCentury Europe, pp.15776
Bartlett & Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment
Hartley
Brown, A `S E Desnitsky, Adam Smith, and the Nakaz of Catherine II', OSP, vol.7 (1974), pp.4259
Cizova, T `Beccaria in Russia', SEER, vol.40 (19612), pp.384408
Griffiths, D `Catherine II: The Republican Empress', ARSH, vol.II, pp.135-56
Hans, N `Francois Pierre Pichtet: Secretary to Catherine II', SEER, vol.36 (19578), pp.48191
Hartley, J Town government in St Petersburg guberniya after the Charter to the Towns of 1785', SEER, vol.62 (1984), pp.6184
Lentin, A Enlightened Absolutism, 17601790
*Madariaga, I Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
Madariaga, I Catherine the Great: A Short History
Okenfuss, M `Education and Empire: School Reform in Enlightened Russia', ARSH, vol.II, pp.107-34
Papmehl, K `The Empress and "Un Fanatique": A review of the circumstances leading to the government action against Novikov in 1792', SEER, vol.68 (1990), pp.66591
Papmehl, K `The Problem of Civil Liberties in the Records of the "Great Commission"', SEER, vol.42 (19634), pp.27491
*Porter, R & The Enlightenment in National Context,
M Teich pp.17691
Raeff, M `The Empress and the Vinerian Professor', OSP, vol.7 (1974), pp.1841, AND in Raeff, M, Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia, ch.13
Raeff, M The WellOrdered Police State, pp.22250
Ransel, D `Catherine II's Instruction to the Commission on Laws: An attack on gentry liberals?', SEER, vol.50 (1972), pp.1028
Scott, H Whatever happened to the Enlightened Despots?', History, vol.68 (1983), pp.24557
*Scott, H, ed Enlightened Absolutism in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe (ch. by de Madariaga on Catherine II)
Wortman, R Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy (ch. on Catherine)
5. Who ran Catherinian Russia?
Banac, I, & The Nobility in Russia and Eastern
P Bushkovitch Europe (ch. by M Raeff on Russian nobles)
Dukes, P Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility
Hartley `Town Government in St Petersburg guberniya after the Charter to the Towns of 1785, SEER, vol.62 (1984), pp.61-84
Hittle, J The Service City: State and Townsmen in Russia, 16001800
Jones, R The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility
*Jones, R Provincial Development in Russia, chs 5 & 7
Keep, J Soldiers of the Tsar, pt III
*LeDonne, J Ruling Russia, pt I
LeDonne, J Absolutism and Ruling Class
Leonard, C Reform and Regicide: the Reign of Peter III of Russia (ch. on Emancipation of Nobility)
Raeff, M `Home, School, and Service in the life of the eighteenthcentury Russian nobleman', SEER, vol.40 (1962), pp.295307
Raeff, M Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia
Ransel, D The Politics of Catherinian Russia
Ransel, D `Nikita Panin's Imperial Council Project and the Struggle of Hierarchy Groups at the Court of Catherine II', ARSH, vol.II, pp.157-78
Roosevelt, P. Life on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History
Scott, H, ed The European Nobilities in the 17th and 18th Centuries, vol.2, ch.8 (`The Russian nobility in the 17th and 18th centuries' by I de Madariaga)
6. Why did the Pugachev rebellion of 17734 attract so much support? Why did it fail?
Alexander, J Catherine the Great, ch.7
Alexander, J `Western Views of the Pugachev rebellion', SEER, vol.48 (1970), pp.52036
*Avrich, P Russian Rebels 16001800, pts IV & V
Blum, J Lord and Peasant in Russia, pp.55160
Bartlett, R & Russia and the World in the 18th Century,
Cross, A, eds pp.506-20 (ch. by Hart, `Razin's Second Coming: Pugachev's Rebellion in the Middle Volga Region, July-August, 1774')
Landsberger, H Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change (Ch by P Longworth, `The Pugachev Revolt: The Last Great Cossack Peasant Rising')
Longworth, P `The Pretender Phenomenon in EighteenthCentury Russia', P & P, vol.66 (1975), pp.6183
Madariaga, I `Catherine II and the Serfs', SEER vol.52 de (1974)
*Madariaga, I Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, pt.V
continued...
*Raeff, M `Pugachev's Rebellion', in Forster, R & Greene, JP, Preconditions for Revolution in Early Modern Europe, pp.161-202
AND in ARSH, vol.II, pp.249-90
AND in Raeff, M, Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia, ch.14
Sumner, B `New Material on the revolt of Pugachev', Slavonic Review, vol.7 (19289), pp.11327 & 33848
7. Account for the destruction of Polish independence in the second half of the eighteenth century
*Davies, N A History of Poland: God's Playground, vol.1
Davies, N Heart of Europe
Halecki, O A History of Poland
Halecki, O `Why was Poland Partitioned?', SR, vol.22 (1963)
Kaplan, H The First Partition of Poland
New Cambridge Modern History vol.7, pp.365-90 (ch. by Lewitter on Partitions of Poland)
Kaminski, A S Republic vs Autocracy: Poland-Lithuania and Russia 1686-1697
Longworth, P The Making of Eastern Europe, chs 5-6
Lukowski, J T Liberty's Folly: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century 1697-1795
Lukowski, G T The Szlachta and the Confederacy of Radom 1764-1767/8
Madariaga, I Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
de chs 12, 15, 27, 28
Ragsdale, H Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (ch. by Jones on Partitions of Poland)
Thaden, E Russia's Western Borderlands (chs on Poland and Western Provinces)
Wandycz, P S The Lands of Partitioned Poland 1795-1918