© IDF (Europe) 1998
Strategy for Arterial Risk Management in Type 2 (Non-insulin-dependent) Diabetes Mellitus
European Arterial Risk Policy Group
on behalf of the International Diabetes Federation (European Region)
(
Main contents list
)
References
King H, Rewers M. Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults.
Diabetes Care
1993;
16
: 157-77.
Andersson DK, Svardsudd K. Long-term glycemic control relates to mortality in type II diabetes.
Diabetes Care
1995;
18
: 1534-43.
Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.
Diabetes Care
1993;
16
: 434-44.
Pyorala K, Laakso M, Uusitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view.
Diabetes Metab Rev
1987;
3
: 463-524.
Alberti KG, Gries FA, Jervell J, Krans HM. A desktop guide for the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): an update. European NIDDM Policy Group.
Diabet Med
1994;
11
: 899-909.
Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyorala K, Laakso M. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects.
Diabetes
1994;
43
: 960-8.
Standl E, Balletshofer B, Dahl B, Weichenhain B, Stiegler H, Hörmann A
et al
. Predictors of 10-year macrovascular and overall mortality in patients with NIDDM: the Munich Practitioner Project.
Diabetologia
1996;
39
: 1540-5.
King's Fund Policy Institute Report.
Counting the cost: the real impact of non insulin dependent diabetes
. London: British Diabetic Association, 1996.
Taskinen MR. Quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes
1992;
41
: 12-17.
Vaughan NJ, Home PD, for the Diabetes Audit Working Group of the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Diabetic Association. The UK Diabetes Dataset: a standard for information exchange.
Diabet Med
1995;
12
: 717-22.
The MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results.
JAMA
1982;
248
: 1465-77.
Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, Olsson AG, Wilhelmsen L, Wedel H
et al
. Cholesterol lowering and the use of healthcare resources. Results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study.
Circulation
1996;
93
: 1796-802.
Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW
et al
. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group.
N Engl J Med
1995;
333
: 1301-7.
Sacks RM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG
et al
. For the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels.
N Engl J Med
1996:
14
: 1001-9.
West KM, Ahuja MM, Bennett PH, Czyzyk A, De Acosta OM, Fuller JH
et al
. The role of circulating glucose and triglyceride concentrations and their interactions with other 'risk factors' as determinants of arterial disease in nine diabetic population samples from the WHO multinational study.
Diabetes Care
1983;
6
: 361-9.
Standl E, Stiegler H, Janka HU, Mehnert H. Risk profile of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus.
Diab Metabol
1988;
14
: 505-11.
Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Eschwege E, Ducimetiere P. Body fat distribution and coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up.
Diabetologia
1992;
35
: 464-8.
Haffner SM, Agil A, Mykkanen L, Stern MP, Jialal I. Plasma oxidizability in subjects with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and NIDDM.
Diabetes Care
1995;
18
: 646-53.
Hokanson JE, Austan MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high density lipoprotein cholesterol level. A meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies.
J Cardiovascular Risk
1996;
3
: 213-19.
Taskinen M-R. Criteria for metabolic control and intervention in diabetes.
Diabetes
1996;
45
: 120-22.
Epstein M, Souers JR. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
Hypertension
1992;
19
: 403-28.
Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R
et al
. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension.
N Engl J Med
1987;
317
: 350-7.
Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA
et al
. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context.
Lancet
1990;
335
: 827-38.
Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Katz B, Lishner M. Long term stabilising effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinurea in normotensive Type 2 diabetic patients.
Ann Int Med
1993;
118
: 577-81.
Sano T, Kawamura T, Matsumae H, Chaya S, Sasaki H, Nakayama M, Hara T
et al
. Effects of long term enalapril treatment on persistent microalbuminuria in well-controlled hypertensive and normotensive NIDDM.
Diabetes Care
1994;
17
: 420-4.
Cruickshank JM, Lewis J, Moore V, Dodd C. Reversibility of left ventricular hypertrophy by differing types of antihypertensive therapy.
J Hum Hypertens
1992;
6
: 85-90.
Chukwuma C Sr, Tuomilehto J. Diabetes and the risk of stroke.
J Diabetes Complications
1993;
7
: 250-62.
Mogensen C-E, Keane WF, Bennett PH, Jerums G, Parving HH, Passa P
et al
. Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria.
Lancet
1995;
346
: 1080-4.
Kingsbury KJ. The relation between glucose tolerance and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Lancet
1966;
2
: 1374-9.
Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H. The Bedford survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics.
Diabetologia
1982;
22
: 79-84.
Yudkin JS, Oswald GA. Hyperglycaemia, diabetes and myocardial infarction.
Diabet Med
1987;
4
: 13-8.
Lyons TJ. Lipoprotein glycation and its metabolic consequences.
Diabetes
1992;
41
: 67-73.
European IDDM Policy Group. Consensus guidelines for the management of insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes.
Diabet Med
1993;
10
: 990-1005.
Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease - the Framingham Study.
JAMA
1979;
241
: 2035-8.
Barakat HA, Carpenter JW, McLendon VD, Khazanie P, Leggett N, Heath J
et al
. Influence of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM on LDL structure and composition: possible link between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis.
Diabetes
1990;
39
: 1527-33.
Modan M, Halkin H. Hyperinsulinemia or increased sympathetic drive as links for obesity and hypertension.
Diabetes Care
1991;
14
: 470-87.
Gillum RF. The association of body fat distribution with hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in men and women aged 18-79 years.
J Chronic Dis
1987;
40
: 421-8.
Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bjorntorp P, Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13-year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913.
Br Med J
1984;
288
: 1401-4.
Laakso M, Sarlund H, Salonen R, Suhonen M, Pyorala K, Salonen JT
et al
. Asymptomatic atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.
Arterioscler Thromb
1991;
11
: 1068-76.
Despres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Moorjani S
et al
. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease.
N Engl J Med
1996;
334
:952-7.
Lillioja S, Mott DM, Howard BV, Bennett PH, Yki-Järvinen H, Freymond D
et al
. Impaired glucose tolerance as a disorder of insulin action. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in Pima Indians.
N Engl J Med
1988;
318
:1217-25.
Sharga AM. Effects of nonpharmaceutical intervention in insulin therapy.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
1952;
20
: 527-34.
Yki-Järvinen H, Taskinen M-R. Interrelationships among insulin's antilipolytic and glucoregulatory effects and plasma triglycerides in nondiabetic and diabetic patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.
Diabetes
1988;
37
: 1271-8.
Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D. Epidemiology of microvascular disease and hypertension in diabetes mellitus. In: Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Defronzo R, eds.
International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus
. 2nd edn. Chichester: John Wiley, 1997.
Marshall SM, Alberti KGMM. Comparison of the prevalence and associated features of abnormal albumin excretion in insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Q J Med
1989;
70
: 61-71.
Gatling W, Knight C, Mullee MA, Hill RD. Microalbuminuria in diabetes: a population study of the prevalence and an assessment of 3 screening tests.
Diabet Med
1988;
5
: 343-7.
Gall M-A, Rossing P, Skott P
et al
. Prevalence of micro and macroalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, retinopathy and large vessel disease in European type II (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus).
Diabetologia
1991;
34
: 655-61.
Stiegler H, Standl E, Schulz K, Roth R, Lehmacher W. Morbidity, mortality and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: a three-year prospective study of a random cohort in general practice.
Diabet Med
1992;
9
: 646-53.
Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.
N Engl J Med
1984;
310
: 356-60.
Neil A, Hawkins M, Potok M, Thorogood M, Cohen D, Mann J. A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM.
Diabetes Care
1993;
7
: 996-1003.
Schmitz A, Vaeth M. Microalbuminuria; a major risk factor in non-insulin dependent diabetes: a ten year follow-up study of 503 patients.
Diabet Med
1988;
5
: 125-34.
Gall M-A, Borch-Johnson K, Hougaard P, Neilson FS, Parving H-H. Albuminuria and poor glycemic control predict mortality in NIDDM.
Diabetes
1995;
44
: 1301-9.
Mattock MB, Morrish NJ, Viberti G, Keen H, Fitzgerald AP, Jackson G. Prospective study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDM.
Diabetes
1992;
41
: 736-41.
MacLeod JM, Lutale J, Marshall SM. Albumin excretion and vascular deaths in NIDDM.
Diabetologia
1995;
38
: 610-16.
Gough SC, Grant PJ. The fibrinolytic system in diabetes mellitus.
Diabet Med
1991;
8
: 898-905.
de Bono D. Management of thrombosis in coronary heart disease.
Br Med Bull
1994;
50
: 904-10.
Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors.
Br Med J
1976;
2
: 1525-36.
Nowak J, Murray JJ, Oates J, FitzGerald GA. Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes.
Circulation
1987;
76
: 6-14.
Belch JJF, McArdle BM, Burns P, Lowe GD, Forbes CD. The effects of acute smoking on platelet behaviour, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in habitual smokers.
Thromb Haemost
1984;
51
: 6-8.
Davis JW, Shelton L, Eigenberg DA, Hignite CE, Watanabe IS. Effects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and platelets.
Clin Pharmacol Ther
1985;
37
: 529-33.
Fried LP, Moore RD, Pearson TA. Long-term effects of cigarette smoking and moderate alcohol consumption on coronary diameter: mechanisms of coronary artery disease independent of atherosclerosis or thrombosis?
Am J Med
1986;
80
:37-44.
Frati AC, Iniestra F, Ariza CR. Acute effect of cigarette smoking on glucose tolerance and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Diabetes Care
1996;
19
: 112-18.
Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow TA. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data.
Br Med J
1989;
298
: 784-8.
Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Rosner B
et al
. Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes.
N Engl J Med
1987;
317
:1303-9.
Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between smoking and microvascular complications in the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.
Diabetes Care
1995;
18
: 785-92.
Bott U, Jörgens V, Grüser M, Bender M, Mulhaüser I, Berger M. Predictors of glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic patients after participation in an intensified treatment and teaching programme.
Diabet Med
1994;
1
: 362-71.
Beckles GLA, Miller GJ, Kirkwood BR, Alexis SD, Carson DC, Byam NTA. High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors.
Lancet
1985;
ii
: 1086-90.
Balarajan R, Adelstein AM, Bulusu L, Shukla V. Patterns of mortality among migrants to England and Wales from the Indian subcontinent.
Br Med J
1984;
289
: 1185-7.
Banerji MA, Lebovitz HE. Coronary heart disease risk factor profiles in black patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: paradoxic patterns.
Am J Med
1991;
91
: 51-8.
Manson JAE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Krolewski AS, Rosner B
et al
. A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women.
Arch Int Med
1991;
151
: 1141-7.
Smith JW. Survival rate after myocardial infarction in diabetic patients.
Am J Cardiol
1984;
54
: 718-21.
DiabCare Working Group of the St Vincent Declaration Action Programme. Monitoring instruments for the quality of diabetes care. In: Krans HMJ, Porta M, Keen H, Staehr Johansen K, eds. Diabetes care and research in Europe: the St Vincent Declaration Action Programme 1995.
G Ital Diabetologia
1995;
15
: 49-61.
Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ, Starrier J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ,
et al
. Treatment of mild hypertension study.
J Am Med Assoc
1993;
270
: 713-724.